The Maratha Art

1. Maratha Empire: Historical Background

1.1. Emergence of the Marathas

• The Marathas were a prominent regional power in India during the 17th and 18th centuries.
• The origin of the Marathas is traced to the warrior communities in the western Deccan region of India.
• They initially served as vassals of the Deccan Sultanates but later rose to prominence.
• Shivaji Bhonsle, born in 1630, is considered the founder of the Maratha Empire.
• Shivaji established an independent Maratha kingdom in 1674 with Raigad as his capital.
• He is renowned for his guerrilla warfare tactics against the Mughal Empire.
• Shivaji’s rule marked the beginning of Maratha expansion in Maharashtra.
• The Marathas were known for their tenacity and administrative reforms.
• Shivaji’s coronation in 1674 as “Chhatrapati” symbolized his assertion of sovereignty.
• Shivaji’s legacy as a Maratha warrior king continues to be celebrated.

1.2. Expansion and Deccan Sultanates

• After Shivaji’s death in 1680, his son, Sambhaji, took the throne.
• Sambhaji faced Mughal pressure but continued his father’s resistance.
• Maratha expansion continued under Sambhaji’s reign but he was captured and executed by the Mughals in 1689.
• Sambhaji was succeeded by his younger brother, Rajaram who carried on the struggle against the Mughals.
• During this period, Marathas formed alliances with other regional powers against the Mughals.
• The Marathas and their allies successfully resisted Mughal expansion in the Deccan.
• Maratha gains led to the decline of the Deccan Sultanates in the 17th century.
• Maratha leaders like Shivaji and his successors played key roles in this transformation.
• The Marathas consolidated their hold over significant territories in the western Deccan.
• The Deccan became the heartland of Maratha power.

1.3. The Peshwa Era

• The Maratha Empires’ administrative structure evolved with the appointment of Peshwas or prime ministers.
• Balaji Vishwanath was the first Peshwa, appointed in 1714.
• He played a pivotal role in consolidating Maratha power and securing their interests.
• Under Balaji Vishwanath and his successors, the Marathas expanded northward into present-day Gujarat and Malwa.
• Balaji Baji Rao, known as Nana Saheb, was a prominent Peshwa who ruled from 1740 to 1761.
• Nana Saheb’s era saw a significant expansion of Maratha influence across northern India.
• The Peshwas established a strong centralized administration.
• Pune became the Maratha capital during this period.
• Peshwa-era Marathas were known for their military campaigns and diplomacy.
• The Maratha Confederacy under the Peshwas, emerged as a powerful entity.

1.4. Marathas and the Mughals

• The Marathas had a complex relationship with the Mughal Empire.
• They engaged in multiple wars with the Mughals during the 17th and 18th centuries.
• The Marathas extracted significant concessions from the Mughals, including chauth and sardeshmukhi.
• Chauth was a tax of 25% on revenue, and sardeshmukhi was an additional 10% on certain districts.
• These revenues were collected by the Marathas from Mughal territories.
• The Mughals recognized the Marathas as their guardians in the Deccan.
• The Marathas also intervened in the Mughal succession disputes.
• They played a crucial role in installing emperors like Bahadur Shah I and Shah Alam II.
• The Maratha-Mughal relationship evolved through treaties like the Treaty of Purandar and Treaty of Salbai.
• The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb’s prolonged campaigns in the Deccan weakened the Mughal authority in the region.

1.5. Maratha Conflicts with Other Powers

• The Marathas faced significant opposition from other regional powers.
• The Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded India multiple times in the mid-18th century.
• The Third Battle of Panipat in 1761 was a catastrophic defeat for the Marathas against Abdali’s forces.
• This battle marked a turning point in the Maratha Empire’s fortunes.
• The British East India Company also posed a growing threat to the Marathas.
• The First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782) ended with the Treaty of Salbai.
• The Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805) resulted in the Treaty of Bassein.
• These conflicts weakened Maratha influence in northern India.
• The Marathas also faced opposition from the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Tipu Sultan of Mysore.
• The internal divisions among Maratha chieftains further complicated their situation.

1.6. Decline and Disintegration

• The Maratha Empire began to decline in the late 18th century.
• Internal rivalries and conflicts among Maratha chieftains weakened their unity.
• The British took advantage of these divisions to expand their control.
• The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1818) led to the complete subjugation of the Marathas.
• By 1818, the Maratha Empire had disintegrated into smaller princely states.
• Some Maratha states retained nominal autonomy under British suzerainty.
• The Peshwa’s authority was abolished, marking the end of the Peshwa era.
• The Marathas, once a formidable power became princely states under British colonial rule.
• The legacy of Maratha rule, culture and administration continued in these states.
• Pune remained an important center of Marathi culture and education.

1.7. Socio-Cultural Impact

• The Marathas played a significant role in preserving and promoting Marathi language and culture.
• Marathi literature thrived during the Maratha Empire with the works of poets like Tukaram and Ramdas.
• The Marathas were patrons of classical music and dance forms like Lavani and Tamasha.
• Maratha architecture left its mark on forts and temples in Maharashtra.
• The Marathas were known for their martial traditions and valor.
• The Maratha infantry, especially the Maratha Light Infantry, gained recognition.
• The Marathas’ administrative innovations like revenue collection, influenced later Indian governance.
• The legacy of Maratha rule contributed to the formation of modern Maharashtra.
• Marathi cuisine and culinary traditions continue to be celebrated.
• The Bhonsle dynasty, founded by Shivaji, remains an important symbol of Maratha identity

1.8. Modern Legacy

• Maratha leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Gopal Krishna Gokhale played crucial roles in India’s struggle for independence.
• The Maratha community remains politically influential in Maharashtra.
• Marathas have contributed significantly to various fields, including politics, business, and the arts.
• The Maratha Kranti Morcha, a socio-political organization, advocates for Maratha community interests.
• The forts and monuments built during the Maratha era continue to attract tourists.
• Maratha festivals like Ganesh Chaturthi are celebrated with great enthusiasm.
• The Maratha culture and language remain vibrant and widely spoken in Maharashtra.
• The Marathas’ historical achievements are celebrated through museums and cultural events.
• Maratha history and heritage continue to be a source of pride for the community.
• The Marathas’ legacy is an integral part of Maharashtra’s identity.

1.9. Historical Records and Documents

• Maratha history is documented in various historical records and manuscripts.
• The “Bakhars” are Marathi-language chronicles that provide insights into Maratha rulers’ lives and achievements.
• Persian sources like the “Shiv Digvijay” offer accounts of Shivaji’s life and reign.
• The “Pant Pratinidhi Bakhar” is a notable source for Peshwa-era history.
• European travelers and colonial records also provide valuable information about the Marathas.
• These historical documents are crucial for understanding the Maratha Empire’s history.
• Archival efforts continue to preserve and digitize these records.
• Scholars and researchers study these documents to reconstruct Maratha history.
• Marathi literature, including historical novels, further enriches our understanding of the period.
• These sources contribute to a comprehensive view of the Maratha Empire’s history.

1.10. Maratha Architecture and Forts

• Maratha architecture is characterized by its fortifications, temples and palaces.
• The Marathas constructed numerous forts across Maharashtra, many of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
• Forts like Raigad, Pratapgad and Sinhagad played significant roles in Maratha history.
• The architecture of Maratha temples is known for its intricate carvings and elegant designs.
• Maratha palaces such as Shaniwar Wada in Pune, exemplify Maratha architectural style.
• Forts served as military strongholds and administrative centers.
• The engineering feats in fort construction demonstrate Maratha prowess.
• Maratha architecture blends regional influences with military functionality.
• Forts continue to be important cultural and historical landmarks in Maharashtra.
• Maratha architecture stands as a testament to the empire’s enduring impact on the region’s heritage.

2. Maratha Architecture: Raigad Fort and Shaniwar Wada

2.1. Maratha Architecture Overview

• Maratha architecture is a distinct style that flourished in the Maratha Empire during the 17th and 18th centuries.
• It blends indigenous Indian elements with Islamic and Mughal influences.
• Maratha architecture is characterized by its fortified structures, temples, palaces and intricate carvings.
• It emphasizes functionality and military design, reflecting the Marathas’ martial traditions.
• Two iconic examples of Maratha architecture are Raigad Fort and Shaniwar Wada.
• These structures showcase the grandeur and innovation of Maratha architecture.
• Raigad Fort is located atop a hill, while Shaniwar Wada is situated in Pune, Maharashtra.
• Both sites are significant historical landmarks in Maharashtra.
• Maratha architecture has left a lasting impact on the region’s cultural heritage.
• Let’s explore the architectural marvels of Raigad Fort and Shaniwar Wada in detail.

2.2. Raigad Fort – Historical Significance

• Raigad Fort originally known as Rairi was the capital of Shivaji’s Maratha Empire.
• Shivaji captured the fort in 1656, renaming it Raigad.
• The fort played a pivotal role in Shivaji’s life and military campaigns.
• It served as the administrative and military headquarters of the Marathas.
• Raigad Fort witnessed Shivaji’s coronation as “Chhatrapati” in 1674.
• The fort’s strategic location provided a natural defense against invaders.
• Shivaji’s reign from Raigad marked the peak of Maratha power.
• The fort remained a symbol of Maratha pride and sovereignty.
• Raigad Fort is known for its historical significance in the Maratha Empire’s history.
• It is a testament to the Marathas’ ability to construct formidable fortifications.

2.3. Raigad Fort – Architecture and Layout

• Raigad Forts’ architecture exemplifies Maratha military engineering.
• The fort’s main entrance known as the Maha Darwaja, features large wooden doors.
• A steep climb of nearly 1,700 steps leads to the fort’s plateau.
• The fortifications include massive stone walls and bastions.
• The inner sanctum houses the ruins of Shivaji’s palace, the Raj Bhavan.
• The palace had a wooden structure with a spacious courtyard.
• The fort’s granaries, water reservoirs, and cannon emplacements are strategically located.
• Raigad’s architecture prioritized defense while providing comfortable living spaces.
• The fort offers panoramic views of the surrounding landscape.
• Its layout reflects the Marathas’ military acumen and administrative efficiency.

2.4. Shaniwar Wada – Peshwa’s Palace

• Shaniwar Wada, located in Pune, was the seat of the Peshwa rulers during the Maratha Empire.
• It was built by the Peshwa Baji Rao I in 1732 and served as the political and administrative center.
• Shaniwar Wada was known for its opulent architecture and lush gardens.
• The palace complex featured several buildings, courtyards, and gates.
• It was constructed using locally quarried black stone and teak wood.
• The palace interiors were adorned with intricate woodwork and decorative motifs.
• Shaniwar Wada’s architecture displayed a fusion of Maratha, Mughal and Persian styles.
• The palace complex included a Hall of Audience, a Ganesh temple and residential quarters.
• Shaniwar Wada was a symbol of Peshwa power and grandeur.
• Its architectural features reflected the Peshwas’ refined taste and cultural patronage.

2.5. Shaniwar Wada – Haunting Legends

• Shaniwar Wada is famous for its eerie legends and reported hauntings.
• It is said that the fort’s main gate known as the Delhi Darwaja, is haunted.
• According to legend, the gate is cursed due to the violent death of Peshwa Narayanrao.
• Visitors claim to hear his cries for help echoing in the dark.
• The mysterious fires that have occurred at night have added to the fort’s supernatural reputation.
• Despite the legends, Shaniwar Wada remains a popular tourist destination.
• It is beautifully illuminated during festivals and special occasions.
• The fort’s historical significance overshadows its spooky tales.
• Shaniwar Wada’s architecture continues to captivate visitors.
• The palace’s haunted reputation adds a layer of mystique to its grandeur.

2.6. Architecture Details – Raigad Fort

• Raigad Forts’ architectural details include a magnificent entrance gate called the Maha Darwaja.
• The Maha Darwaja features large wooden doors adorned with spikes to deter elephants.
• The main pathway leading to the fort is fortified with stone walls and bastions.
• The inner sanctum of the fort housed the Raj Bhavan, Shivaji’s residence.
• The Raj Bhavan had several chambers and a central courtyard.
• The fort included granaries, water tanks, and secret escape routes.
• The fort’s strategic placement on a hill provided natural defense.
• The architectural layout ensured a steady supply of essentials during sieges.
• The fort’s fortifications were built to withstand artillery fire.
• The panoramic views from the fort offer stunning vistas of the Sahyadri Mountains.

2.7. Architecture Details – Shaniwar Wada

• Shaniwar Wada’s architecture is characterized by its grand entrance, the Dilli Darwaja.
• The Dilli Darwaja features intricate wooden carvings and a large central hall.
• The palace complex includes the Thorley Rayancha Diwankhana, a grand assembly hall.
• Shaniwar Wada’s walls were adorned with paintings and frescoes.
• The palace featured a five-story deep well known as the “Dagdusheth Halwai Ganapathi’s Samadhi.”
• The Ganesh temple within Shaniwar Wada was a place of worship for the Peshwas.
• The palace complex had a beautiful garden with fountains and water channels.
• Intricate lattice work and wooden pillars adorned the interiors.
• The palace’s architecture reflected a blend of Maratha and Mughal styles.
• Shaniwar Wada’s design showcased the Peshwas’ opulent lifestyle.

2.8. Restoration and Preservation

• Both Raigad Fort and Shaniwar Wada have undergone restoration efforts to preserve their heritage.
• Archaeological surveys and documentation have been carried out at Raigad Fort.
• Conservation projects have focused on stabilizing the fort’s structures and maintaining walkways.
• Shaniwar Wada’s restoration includes efforts to protect its delicate woodwork and artwork.
• Both sites are open to tourists and history enthusiasts.
• Guided tours provide insights into the architecture and history of these landmarks.
• Preservation work ensures that future generations can appreciate Maratha architectural heritage.
• The Maharashtra government and heritage organizations play a vital role in these efforts.
• Restoration and preservation also involve protecting the sites from natural elements.
• Collaboration between historians, architects and local authorities ensures the longevity of these structures.

2.9. Tourist Attractions

• Raigad Fort and Shaniwar Wada are popular tourist attractions in Maharashtra.
• Raigad Forts’ trekking trail offers adventure enthusiasts a chance to explore the site.
• The fort’s historical significance and panoramic views draw tourists from all over India.
• Shaniwar Wada’s architecture, gardens, and historical relevance make it a must-visit destination.
• Tourists can explore the palace’s various sections and learn about its history.
• Light and sound shows at both sites enhance the visitor experience.
• Tourists can immerse themselves in the rich history and culture of the Marathas.
• Both sites offer a glimpse into the martial and administrative prowess of the Maratha Empire.
• Visitors can enjoy breathtaking views of the surrounding landscapes from these sites.
• The forts are reminders of Maharashtra’s glorious past.

2.10. Cultural Significance

• Raigad Fort and Shaniwar Wada are not just historical structures; they are cultural symbols of Maharashtra.
• They feature prominently in Marathi literature, art and folklore.
• These sites are often depicted in Marathi films and television series.
• Cultural events and festivals are held at these locations to celebrate Maratha heritage.
• Raigad Forts’ coronation ceremony of Shivaji is re-enacted during festivals.
• Shaniwar Wada’s grandeur is depicted in Marathi dance forms and traditional music.
• These sites inspire artists and storytellers to create works that celebrate Maratha history.
• The forts continue to be integral to Maharashtra’s identity and cultural narrative.
• They serve as a reminder of the Marathas’ indomitable spirit and architectural brilliance.
• Raigad Fort and Shaniwar Wada stand as living testimonies to the Maratha Empire’s enduring legacy in architecture and history.

3. Maratha Painting: The Tanjore School

3.1. Introduction to the Tanjore School

• The Tanjore School is a renowned style of Indian painting that emerged in the Maratha-ruled Thanjavur (Tanjore) region of South India.
• It flourished during the 17th and 18th centuries under the patronage of Maratha rulers.
• The Tanjore School is celebrated for its distinctive style characterized by rich colors, intricate details and embellishments.
• It combines elements of Indian, Maratha and European art influences.
• This art form often features depictions of Hindu deities, royal portraits and mythological scenes.
• The Tanjore School is known for its use of gold leaf and semi-precious stones to adorn paintings.
• It reflects the opulence and cultural fusion of the Maratha Empire.
• The school’s artistry is rooted in traditional South Indian painting techniques.
• The Tanjore School contributed significantly to the development of Indian miniature painting.
• Let’s delve deeper into the unique characteristics of the Tanjore School.

3.2. Iconic Themes and Subjects

• The Tanjore School primarily focuses on religious and mythological themes.
• Depictions of Hindu deities like Lord Krishna, Lord Rama and Goddess Lakshmi are common.
• Scenes from the Ramayana, Mahabharata and other Hindu epics are frequently portrayed.
• Royal portraits of Maratha rulers and nobility were also a prominent subject.
• Paintings often featured intricate backgrounds with palaces, temples and lush landscapes.
• Traditional Indian iconography and symbolism play a significant role in Tanjore paintings.
• These artworks were intended to convey devotion, spirituality and cultural pride.
• Tanjore paintings serve as a visual representation of Hindu mythology and Maratha royalty.
• The themes and subjects of Tanjore art are deeply rooted in Indian culture and spirituality.
• Each painting tells a story, imparting spiritual and historical lessons.

3.3. Distinctive Style and Techniques

• Tanjore paintings are known for their distinctive style characterized by vivid colors.
• The use of rich and vibrant hues such as bright reds, blues and gold, is a hallmark of this school.
• Artists used natural pigments derived from minerals, vegetables and even semi-precious stones.
• The intricate details of jewelry, clothing and architectural elements are meticulously rendered.
• One of the defining features is the use of gold leaf and foil to embellish the paintings.
• Gold is applied as a background, outlining figures and motifs and enhancing ornamentation.
• Semi-precious stones like pearls, rubies and emeralds were used to decorate jewelry and crowns in the paintings.
• Artists often added a three-dimensional effect by using stucco work to create raised surfaces.
• The combination of rich colors, gold, and gems gives Tanjore paintings a sumptuous appearance.
• The use of these materials reflects the opulence of the Maratha court.

3.4. Artistic Process and Materials

• Tanjore paintings are typically created on wooden panels or canvas.
• The canvas is coated with a layer of lime paste to make it smooth and durable.
• Artists sketch the subject using pencil or charcoal.
• The outlines are then traced with indigo or lampblack ink.
• Different sections of the painting are filled with appropriate colors.
• The application of gold leaf and foil is a meticulous process, requiring precision.
• The gold leaf is applied using a special adhesive made from tamarind seeds.
• After the gold work is complete, artists add the semi-precious stones.
• The final painting is sealed with a protective layer of clear glue or resin.
• This labor-intensive process demands patience and craftsmanship.

3.5. Symbolism and Iconography

• Tanjore paintings employ symbolic elements to convey deeper meanings.
• The lotus flower represents purity and enlightenment.
• Conch shells signify the divine sound of creation.
• Lord Krishna’s blue skin symbolizes his divine nature.
• Peacocks are often included as they represent beauty and grace.
• Elephant-headed Lord Ganesha is a symbol of wisdom and auspiciousness.
• The chakra (discus) represents cosmic order and righteousness.
• Depictions of gods and goddesses carry specific attributes and symbols.
• The symbolism in Tanjore paintings adds layers of meaning to the artwork.
• Each element is carefully chosen to convey spiritual and cultural significance.

3.6. Patronage and Influence

• The Tanjore School received patronage from Maratha rulers, particularly the Bhonsle dynasty.
• Maratha kings and nobility commissioned these paintings to showcase their devotion and wealth.
• Tanjore paintings were also popular among the Maratha aristocracy and the general public.
• The influence of the Tanjore School extended beyond Thanjavur, reaching other parts of India.
• It inspired artists in different regions to incorporate its techniques and style into their work.
• The Tanjore School’s legacy can be seen in modern Indian miniature painting traditions.
• Its influence can also be observed in contemporary Indian art and craft.
• Tanjore paintings remain highly collectible and sought after by art enthusiasts.
• They continue to inspire artists and art lovers alike.
• The school’s contribution to Indian art is a testament to its enduring impact.

3.7. Preservation and Revival

• Over the years, efforts have been made to preserve and revive the Tanjore School of painting.
• Conservationists work to protect existing Tanjore paintings from deterioration.
• Training programs aim to pass down the traditional techniques to new generations of artists.
• Contemporary artists and studios produce Tanjore-style artworks to keep the tradition alive.
• Tanjore painting exhibitions and workshops promote awareness and appreciation.
• The Indian government and cultural organizations support initiatives to revive this art form.
• These efforts ensure that Tanjore painting continues to thrive.
• The art form’s revival has sparked interest not only in India but also among art collectors worldwide.
• Tanjore paintings are now available in various sizes and styles to suit modern tastes.
• The preservation and revival of Tanjore painting are vital for preserving India’s artistic heritage.

3.8. Religious and Cultural Significance

• Tanjore paintings hold great religious and cultural significance in India.
• They are often used as objects of devotion in homes and temples.
• These paintings serve as a means of connecting with Hindu deities and mythology.
• Tanjore paintings are considered auspicious and are often given as gifts during religious ceremonies.
• They are an integral part of religious rituals and celebrations.
• The intricate depictions of deities in these paintings inspire devotion and reverence.
• Tanjore art also plays a role in cultural festivals and processions.
• Its use in religious settings reaffirms its spiritual importance.
• The art form has the power to evoke deep emotions and a sense of spirituality.
• Tanjore paintings continue to be an essential part of India’s cultural fabric.

3.9. Contemporary Interpretations

• Contemporary artists have adapted Tanjore painting techniques to create modern interpretations.
• While traditional themes remain popular, artists also explore new subjects and styles.
• Contemporary Tanjore-style paintings often feature abstract and fusion elements.
• They may blend traditional iconography with contemporary concepts.
• Some artists experiment with different materials and textures.
• The reinterpretation of Tanjore painting keeps the art form dynamic and relevant.
• Contemporary artists use their work to comment on social and cultural issues.
• Galleries and exhibitions showcase both traditional and contemporary Tanjore-style art.
• These interpretations contribute to the evolving narrative of Tanjore painting.
• They demonstrate the art form’s adaptability and continued relevance.

3.10. Global Appreciation

• Tanjore paintings have gained recognition and appreciation on the global stage.
• Art collectors and enthusiasts worldwide seek out these unique artworks.
• International exhibitions and art fairs often feature Tanjore-style paintings.
• They are prized as examples of India’s rich artistic heritage.
• Museums and cultural institutions in various countries display Tanjore paintings.
• Art aficionados appreciate the craftsmanship and aesthetics of these works.
• Tanjore-style art has found a place in contemporary global art conversations.
• Artists from diverse backgrounds are inspired by its techniques and themes.
• The global appreciation of Tanjore painting highlights its universal appeal.
• It continues to bridge cultural divides and connect people through art and heritage.